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Carbon Steel Carbon Steel

Carbon steel is reactive — it will rust quickly if not properly cared for. Always wash immediately after use, dry thoroughly, and apply a thin coat of food-safe oil (camellia, mineral) before storage. Over time it develops a patina that offers some natural protection and, for many users, becomes part of the knife's character. Rewarding to use, but not recommended if you want a "wash and forget" knife.
Hitachi Metals (now Proterial), Japan 🇯🇵

White 1 / Shirogami #1 白一鋼

Typical hardness Rockwell C Hardness(HRC) measures how resistant a steel is to permanent deformation. For kitchen knives:

55–58 HRC — Soft. Easy to sharpen and forgiving of rough use, but dulls faster. Typical of most German knives.
59–61 HRC — Balanced. Good edge retention with manageable sharpening. Common in mid-range Japanese knives.
62–64 HRC — Hard. Excellent edge retention, holds a very fine edge. Requires more care and a fine stone to sharpen.
65+ HRC — Very hard. Exceptional edge longevity but more brittle — more prone to chipping if used roughly.

Higher is not always better — it depends on how you use and maintain your knife.
62 to 65 HRC
555759616365+
White 1 (Shirogami 1) is a carbon steel from Proterial. Proterial's table lists 1.25 to 1.35% carbon, with no chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or vanadium, and a hardening hardness of over 60 HRC. Proterial describes it as a carbon steel with minimum impurities and the highest hardness, and lists it for highest-quality tipped tools, planes, chisels and razors.

It is not stainless, which the Japan Stainless Steel Association sets at 10.5% chromium or more, so dry the knife after washing.

We list White 1 from makers including Sakai Takayuki, Masamoto Sohonten, Tsunehisa, Yoshikazu Ikeda and Nigara.
Composition

White 1 / Shirogami #1 Element Composition

Compare with
    White 1 / Shirogami #1
    —
    1.3% 1.0% 0.7% 0.3% 0
    C
    1.3%
    Mn
    0.25%
    Si
    0.15%
    P
    0.025%
    S
    0.004%
    C — Carbon Mn — Manganese Si — Silicon P — Phosphorus S — Sulfur

    Typical values from third-party sources.

    Hardness 62–65 HRC
    555759616365+
    Steel
    White 1 / Shirogami #1
    Category
    Carbon
    Manufacturer
    Hitachi Metals (now Proterial), Japan 🇯🇵
    Typical hardness
    62 to 65 HRC

    White 1 / Shirogami #1 Composition

    What's in White 1 / Shirogami #1

    What each element does in your knife.

    White 1 / Shirogami #1 element composition
    Element Composition What it does in your knife
    CCarbon 1.25–1.35% The primary hardening element. More carbon means a harder edge that holds longer — but past a point it trades away toughness and rust resistance.
    MnManganese 0.2–0.3% Aids hardenability and strength and acts as a deoxidiser in smelting. Too much can reduce toughness.
    SiSilicon 0.1–0.2% Strengthens the steel matrix and acts as a deoxidiser, improving hardness and resistance to oxidation.
    PPhosphorus ≤ 0.025% An impurity from smelting. Even small amounts promote brittleness, so steelmakers keep it as low as possible.
    SSulfur ≤ 0.004% An impurity that reduces toughness and promotes brittleness; only ever added deliberately in free-machining steels.

    Composition from zknives (K&S steel dataset) reference material. These ranges come from the K&S steel composition dataset, which is derived from zknives; maker figures are cited separately only when they are used on the page.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is White 1 the hardest of the white steels?

    Yes, among Shirogami 1, 2 and 3 on Proterial's pages. It describes Shirogami 1 (白紙1号) as having the highest hardness and gives it 1.25 to 1.35% carbon, compared with high hardness and 1.05 to 1.15% carbon for Shirogami 2, and middle hardness and 0.80 to 0.90% carbon for Shirogami 3.

    All three are carbon steels that can rust, so wash the knife and dry it after use.

    Published by K&S Education Desk; staff review pending

    What is the difference between White 1, White 2 and White 3?

    White 1, White 2 and White 3 are Proterial's Shirogami 1, Shirogami 2 and Shirogami 3. Proterial lists carbon at 1.25 to 1.35% for Shirogami 1, 1.05 to 1.15% for Shirogami 2 and 0.80 to 0.90% for Shirogami 3, with the same silicon and manganese ranges for all three and no chromium listed.

    Proterial describes all three as carbon steel with minimum impurities, at highest, high and middle hardness in that order, and gives a hardening hardness of over 60 HRC for each.

    Published by K&S Education Desk; staff review pending

    Shirogami 1 vs Shirogami 2: what is the difference?

    Shirogami 1 (White 1) has more carbon than Shirogami 2 (White 2): Proterial lists 1.25 to 1.35% carbon for Shirogami 1 and 1.05 to 1.15% for Shirogami 2, with the same silicon (0.10 to 0.20%) and manganese (0.20 to 0.30%) ranges for both.

    Proterial describes both as carbon steel with minimum impurities, Shirogami 1 with the highest hardness and Shirogami 2 with high hardness, and gives a hardening hardness of over 60 HRC for both. It lists Shirogami 1 for the highest quality tipped tools, planes, chisels and razors, and Shirogami 2 for high quality tipped tools, chisels, razors, sickles, axes and gravers.

    Reviewed by K&S Staff · Last updated 31 July 2026

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