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Stainless Stainless Steel

"Stainless" means stain-resistant, not stain-proof. In kitchen use, the steel can still discolour or pit if exposed to acidic environments — citrus, vinegar, or salt water — for extended periods. Wash and wipe dry after every use, and avoid leaving the blade soaking in water. With basic care, a stainless knife is very low-maintenance and a great everyday choice.
PM / Powder Steel Powder Metallurgy (PM)

A modern steel-making process where the alloy is atomised into a fine powder and then compressed under high pressure before sintering. This creates an exceptionally uniform carbide distribution — far finer and more even than conventionally cast steel. The result is a blade that achieves higher hardness without sacrificing toughness, holds a keener edge for longer, and is more resistant to chipping. PM steels are generally considered a step up in performance, though they can be harder to sharpen on coarse stones.
Hitachi Special Steel, Japan 🇯🇵

ZDP-189

Hardness ? Rockwell C Hardness (HRC) measures how resistant a steel is to permanent deformation. For kitchen knives:

55–58 HRC — Soft. Easy to sharpen and forgiving of rough use, but dulls faster. Typical of most German knives.
59–61 HRC — Balanced. Good edge retention with manageable sharpening. Common in mid-range Japanese knives.
62–64 HRC — Hard. Excellent edge retention, holds a very fine edge. Requires more care and a fine stone to sharpen.
65+ HRC — Very hard. Exceptional edge longevity but more brittle — more prone to chipping if used roughly.

Higher is not always better — it depends on how you use and maintain your knife.
63–66 HRC
555759616365+
ZDP-189 steel is a high-end powdered metallurgy stainless steel renowned for its exceptional hardness and edge retention capabilities. Developed by Hitachi Metals, it contains a high carbon and chromium content, allowing it to achieve hardness levels up to 67 HRC, making it one of the hardest steels used in knife making. This extraordinary hardness means that ZDP-189 can be sharpened to a very fine edge and maintain that sharpness through extensive use, far surpassing many other steel types in terms of edge retention. However, its high hardness also means that it can be more challenging to sharpen and may be more prone to chipping if used improperly. ZDP-189's significant chromium content also provides it with a degree of corrosion resistance, though care should still be taken to maintain the blade. Due to its premium qualities, ZDP-189 is often used in high-end and specialty knives, appealing to enthusiasts and professionals who prioritize cutting performance and longevity.
Composition

ZDP-189 Element Composition

Compare with
    ZDP-189
    20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0
    C Carbon 3.0%
    Primary hardening element. Raises hardness and wear resistance — but too much increases brittleness and corrosion susceptibility. As a reference: German 1.4112 (~0.5%) sits at the low end; VG-10 (~1.0%) is a common mid-range; SG2 (1.25–1.45%) and ZDP-189 (~3.0%) represent high and extreme ends respectively.
    C
    3.0%
    Cr Chromium 20.0%
    Raises corrosion resistance; 13%+ qualifies steel as stainless. Also improves hardenability and wear resistance. In kitchen use, higher chromium levels contribute to a slight drag or sticking sensation when cutting — a trade-off for the rust resistance it provides.
    Cr
    20.0%
    V Vanadium 0.1%
    Forms extremely hard carbides for superior edge retention. Also refines grain structure, improving toughness.
    V
    0.1%
    Mo Molybdenum 1.4%
    Improves hardenability and toughness. Boosts corrosion resistance and helps the steel hold hardness under heat.
    Mo
    1.4%
    W Tungsten 0.6%
    Forms hard carbides for wear resistance and edge retention. Gives the steel hardness even at elevated temperatures.
    W
    0.6%
    Mn Manganese 0.5%
    Aids hardenability and strength. Acts as a deoxidiser during smelting. Excess can reduce toughness.
    Mn
    0.5%
    Si Silicon 0.4%
    Strengthens the steel matrix and acts as a deoxidiser. Improves hardness and resistance to oxidation.
    Si
    0.4%
    C — Carbon Cr — Chromium V — Vanadium Mo — Molybdenum W — Tungsten Mn — Manganese Si — Silicon
    Hardness 63–66 HRC
    555759616365+
    Steel
    ZDP-189
    Category
    Stainless
    Process
    Powder Metallurgy (PM)
    Manufacturer
    Hitachi Special Steel, Japan 🇯🇵
    Hardness
    63–66 HRC